By Katie Thomas, New York Times

From the campaign trail to the halls of Congress, drugmakers have spent much of the last year enduring withering criticism over the rising cost of drugs.

It does not seem to be working.

In April alone, Johnson & Johnson raised its prices on several top-selling products, including the leukemia drug Imbruvica, the diabetes treatment Invokana, and Xarelto, an anti-clotting drug, according to a research note published last week by an analyst for Leerink, an investment bank. Other major companies that have raised prices this year include Amgen, Gilead and Celgene, the analyst reported.

Makers have raised prices on brand-name drugs by double-digit percentages since the start of the year, according to interviews with executives at Express Scripts and CVS Caremark, two major drug-benefit managers. And a report last week by the research firm IMS Health found that in 2015, list prices for drugs increased more than 12 percent, in line with the trend over the five previous years.

“It used to be the drug companies only took one price increase a year,” said Dr. Steve Miller, chief medical officer at Express Scripts. “Now what they’re doing is taking multiple price increases multiple times a year.”

That scrutiny on pricing is likely to continue Wednesday with the Senate testimony of J. Michael Pearson, the chief executive of Valeant Pharmaceuticals International, which has come to be viewed as an industry pariah after profiting for years on drastic price increases on old drugs. Pearson, who is stepping down as chief executive next month, has been subpoenaed to testify before the Senate Special Committee on Aging, which is investigating the drug-pricing issue.

List prices do not tell the full picture. Much like the inflated room rates posted on the back of a hotel door, drug list prices don’t show the rebates and other discounts that insurers and pharmacy-benefit managers demand from manufacturers, who are increasingly being forced to compete with other drugmakers and to offer better deals, which lowers the drugs’ effective cost.

In fact, the same report by IMS Health that found that list prices rose 12 percent last year also found that the net price growth — what insurers and employers actually pay for drugs — went up a far more modest 2.8 percent, one of the lowest increases in years.

But one of the cruelties of drug pricing is that the burden falls most heavily on those least able to pay it. Uninsured patients often must pay the list price of a drug, and an increasingly large share of insured customers are being asked to pay a percentage of the list price.

“It’s sort of embedded in the health care system that the price is never the price, unless you’re a cash-paying customer,” said Adam J. Fein, president of Pembroke Consulting, a management advisory and business research company. “And in that case, we soak the poor.”

Some of the difference in prices is the result of actions taken by pharmacy-benefit managers like CVS Health, which manage drug plans for insurers. They have become more sophisticated in recent years, leading to better discounts from drug companies They cite successes like the major discount that Gilead, the maker of an expensive new hepatitis C drug, conceded after AbbVie released a competing product. And sales of expensive new cholesterol-lowering drugs, called PCSK9 inhibitors, have been sluggish, in part because insurers have placed numerous restrictions on their use.

“I think we’ve upped our game,” said Dr. Troyen Brennan, chief medical officer of CVS Health. “It’s much more dynamic and much more fast-paced, and I think that like us, the other PBMs are responding much more rapidly.”

So if drugmakers’ list prices aren’t representative of the true cost of a drug, why risk negative publicity by raising them? Many rebates and other discounts are tied to a percentage of the list price, which means a higher list price still yields more profit. And not every insurer and pharmacy-benefit manager is as sophisticated as the top players, so manufacturers can profit on the margins.

“The structure of the system is such that the only way they can get any increase in prices is to raise the list price by a very high percent,” said Fein. “It’s kind of baked into the system, and it’s so complicated, you can’t really unwind it without blowing up the entire health care system.”

Some of the most recent price increases may also be happening because drugmakers are hoping to profit while they can, before congressional or other actions prevent them from doing so, said Geoffrey Porges, the author of the Leerink analysis.

“When you see this type of very aggressive pricing action across many products, then you start to scratch your head and say, is this the industry preparing for a more challenging price environment?” he said. “There’s just a general fear of the unknown.”

Drugmakers say that, despite the intense focus on their industry, drug costs account for only around 10 percent of health care spending, an amount that has remained relatively steady over time.

“Obviously there’s a lot of variables that are used in determining what the appropriate prices are in any product,” said Dominic Caruso, the chief financial officer of Johnson & Johnson. “We price our products very responsibly, and in fact the list price increases that we’ve taken have been consistently below our competitive set over the last five years.”

Even though insurers and pharmacy-benefit managers are keeping drug prices in check in some areas, they are losing the battle in others, especially in areas like multiple sclerosis or cancer treatment, where a host of new drugs have recently entered the market with little competition.

“That’s where the real angst in the marketplace is,” said Miller.

Specialty drugs, which are complex products that typically treat serious, chronic illnesses, now account for 33 percent of all drug spending even though they treat about 1 to 2 percent of all patients, Miller said.

“Pharma is looking at these lower numbers and saying, ‘We’re not as bad as you’re hearing in the marketplace,'” Miller said. But he said actual drug costs were still rising. “The main point is this is still faster than your income is growing. You’re falling further and further behind, and it’s not sustainable.”

To Learn More:

Drug Industry’s Pricey Meds Behind 8.5% Increase in Americans’ Prescription Spending (by Linda A. Johnson, Associated Press)

Leading Candidates and 83% of Americans want Lower Prices for Medicare Drugs…but it’s not going to Happen (by Matthew Perrone, Associated Press)

Valeant Leads Big Pharma Trend of Skyrocketing Drug Prices (by Steve Straehley and Noel Brinkerhoff, AllGov)

Lawmakers Tentatively Challenge Drug Makers over Outrageous Costs for Medicine (by Noel Brinkerhoff and Danny Biederman, AllGov)